Afro-Descendants in Argentina and Uruguay
A concentrated focus on Montevideo and Buenos Aires
Where Did the Afro-Argentine Candombe Go?
As Alejandro Frigerio determines āAfro-Argentines have almost lost their ability to present their own version of their culture and were replaced as spokesmen of their own history and tradition (...)ā (Frigerio, Blacks in Argentina, 1).
Throughout the twentieth century Afro-Argentines have tried to preserve their African heritage despite the country's denial of their existence. The invisibility that was enforced since the second half of the nineteenth century leading to the whitening of the society made it difficult to be united as a community. However, Frigerio found that the (carnival) groups and clubs that existed in the first half of the twentieth century were an effective nucleus for the individual Afro-Argentines in Buenos Aires (Frigerio, El Candombe Argentino, 8). One of those clubs was the Shimmy Club, founded in 1922. The Shimmy Club became an institution for Afro-Argentine dances until it closed in the 1970s. It is said that it is until around the same time in the 1970s that Afro-Argentine Candombe existed and was still performed as a music. This was the dance and the music that the Afro-PorteƱos claimed as their own (11).

Celebrations at the Shimmy Club;
Photographer: Unknown;
Source: CÔtedra Libre de Estudios Afroargentinos y Afroamericanos de la Universidad de La Plata Comisión Permanente de Estudios Afroargentinos; http://catedralibredeestudios.blogspot.de/2011_12_01_archive.html
The club provided a social space where Candombe (among others such as Tango, Jazz and Rumba) was danced and performed. The Shimmy Club offered a possibility to get in touch with the 'invisible' Afro-Argentine community through the sponsored dances (Andrews 217). But again, as in the nineteenth century, the young Afro-Argentines of the 1970s seemed less interested in maintaining traditions leading to a decline of participation. When the Shimmy Club closed, Candombe became 'privatized' and only celebrated at home (Frigerio, Lamborghini, (De)mostrando cultura, 107). This went hand in hand with the rise of Afro-Uruguayan Candombe in Buenos Aires perpetuating Afro-Argentine invisibility. The nation's capital experienced an influx of Afro-Uruguayan workers by the 1990s, who would perform their Afro-Uruguayan Candombe. Eventually, this led to a participation of the white middle-class, adopting this version of Candombe as the Candombe of Buenos Aires since the Afro-Argentine Candombe performance was considered to have been 'disappeared'.
Even though Frigerio and Lamborghini see the rise of Afro-Uruguayan Candombe in Buenos Aires critically, he recognizes that its renewed practice was important for the black community to regain visibility, for example by connecting Candombe practice in San Telmo with Afro-PorteƱo memories (107). The adoption of the Afro-Uruguayan Candombe as the 'official' River Plate Candombe led to an increase of Afro-Uruguayan participation in Buenos Aires. There has been an increase in carnival celebrations in the past years with parades and llamadas through the traditional Afro-Argentine neighborhood of San Telmo once known as the Barrio del Tambor (Neighborhood of the Drum). In 2013 the city of Buenos Aires passed Law 4.773 declaring December 3 āDĆa del Candombe y la Equidad Ćtnica en la Ciudad de Buenos Airesā (Day of Candombe and Racial Equality in the City of Buenos Aires). While Article 2 establishes the celebration of Candombe and the cultural contributions of Afro-descendants as law, it specifically states in Article 5
āDeclĆ”rese patrimonio cultural de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires el Candombe, caracterizado por el toque de tambores denominados Chico, Repique y Piano; su danza y su canto creado por los afro uruguayos a partir del legado ancestral africano, sus orĆgenes, rituales, y su contexto social como comunidad. (Legislatura Buenos Aires, 2013) [Declare Candombe the cultural heritage of the City of Buenos Aires, characterized by playing the drums called Chico, Repique, and Piano; their dance and song created by Afro-Uruguayans from the African ancestral legacy, its origins, rituals and its social context as community.]
This shows that the Afro-Uruguayan Candombe is accepted as the official Candombe in Buenos Aires. In contrast to this official notion we want to highlight that part of the black community has demanded the revisibilization of the Afro-Argentine Candombe. This conscious decision can be referred to as retraditionalizing, taking elements from the past into contemporary context (Frigerio, Lamborghini, ā(De)mostrando culturaā 111).
For Frigerio the contemporary struggle besides a re-visibility within PorteƱo society is the struggle within the Afro-descendant community. He identifies three main groups, Afro-Argentines, Afro-Uruguayans and Afro-Brazilians, presenting ādiffering and contested representations of the city's black culture and traditionā (Frigerio, āBlacks in Argentinaā 2). Africa Vive is an association aiming at creating cultural and historical awareness of what is really Afro-Argentine (17). The discussion of what constitutes black heritage and who can claim to represent it in Buenos Aires remains. At the moment āAfro-Uruguayans have practically monopolized the performance arenas, being called to perform in any show that wants to show the city's black rootsā (23).
We can conclude that although there is no, or scarcely any, historical Afro-Argentine Candombe being performed at this point, it can be said that Candombe has always been a strong identifier within the black community in Buenos Aires and Montevideo (12). As we have already shown until the 1970s there have been dances and music of what can be considered the 'original' Candombe and that was claimed by the Afro-Argentines as their own. A clear difference to Montevideo's Candombe is the surrounding of the performance. While the Afro-Uruguayan Candombe strongly identifies through llamadas performanced outside on the streets of the neighborhoods in Montevideo, Afro-Argentine Candombe was characterized through its rather private setting, performed within interior social spaces and later only at home. However, Afro-PorteƱo Candombe during the second half of the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century, has been widely ignored academically. This can be reasoned with the popular presumption that the 'original' version had disappeared due to the decreasing number and geographical dispersion that supposedly terminated the Afro-Argentine community as such (11).

Afroargentinos tocando el candombe en una fogata de San Juan (1938);
Photographer: Unknown;
Source: Archivo General de la Nación (Buenos Aires); http://www.lacuerdaweb.com/candombe.html
Candombe has been transformed through transculturation, as seen above, through what was to become Tango, by the Afro-Argentine and the Euro-Argentine population. Many Afro-Argentine traditions have been lost throughout the transformation, but the roots of the elements that remain cannot be negated. The struggle between different Afro-descendant communities in Buenos Aires, as highlighted by Alejandro Frigerio in his lecture Blacks in Argentina: Contested Representations of Culture and Ethnicity (2000), has to be observed. On one side the different groups as a united black community can enforce the development towards the revisibilization of Afro-descendants in Buenos Aires, while on the other side it can also lead to a further invisibility of what is left of the historical Afro-PorteƱo society, as within these groups Afro-Brazilian religion and Afro-Urugayan culture seem to overshadow the traditional Afro-PorteƱo culture.
One important influence can be noticed in regard to Candombe and Afro-descendant culture in both capitals: the displacement of black people, music, tradition or similar by white societies. We have mentioned examples in Buenos Aires like the blackface comparsas, the compadritos, the upper-class regulations transforming Afro-Argentine music historically. In order to evacuate the black body in Argentine cultural forms, it seems that whites had to pass through blackness (Miller 93). But through the government actions, scholarly research, an awakening of awareness and the need to take organized actions, the outlook on a re-visibility of the Afro-Argentine community (and maybe Afro-Argentine Candombe) could be hopeful.
Candombe in Argentina
Where Is the Beginning of Afro-Argentine Candombe?
Why Did the Candombes Decline?
Is the Afro-Argentine Candombe the Father of Tango?
Where Did the Afro-Argentine Candombe Go?